|
The Southern Plains villagers were semi-sedentary Indians who lived on the Great Plains in western Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and southeastern Colorado from about 800 AD until 1500 AD. They grew maize and other crops, hunted bison and other game, and gathered wild plants for food. They generally lived in hamlets of a few dwellings adjacent to flood plains of rivers such as the Washita and South Canadian rivers in Oklahoma and Texas. Thousands of hamlets have been identified.〔Drass, Richard. R. (1998), "The Southern Plains Villagers" in ''Archaeology on the Great Plains'', W. Raymond Wood, ed., Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, pp. 415-447. Downloaded from JSTOR.〕 The Southern Plains villagers were likely the ancestors, at least in part, of the historic Wichita and other Caddoan peoples. Some of the Southern Plains Villagers survived into the historic era in the 16th century when Spanish explorers first ventured onto the Great Plains. The Wichita's first contact with Europeans was in 1541 when they were visited by Francisco Coronado in Kansas.〔Schlessier, Karl H. (1994), ''Plains Indians, A.D. 500-1500'', Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 355-359〕 The semi-agricultural economy of the Southern Plains villagers was always vulnerable due to frequent droughts and climatic variations, although the livelihood of the villagers was enhanced by the periodic abundance of bison.〔Drass, Richard R. (February 2008), "Corn, Beans, and Bison: Cultivated Plants and Changing Economies of the Late Prehistoric Villagers on the Plains of Oklahoma and Northwest Texas", ''Plains Anthropologist'', Vol. 53, No. 205, pp 9-10. Downloaded from JSTOR.〕 The Southern Plains villagers, especially on their western fringe, were influenced by the agricultural Puebloan peoples of the Rio Grande River Valley of New Mexico. They traded bison meat, robes, and stone for making tools to the Pueblos on their west and to the Caddoans on their east for maize, pottery, Osage Orange wood for making bows, and luxury goods such as turquoise.〔Vehik, Susan C. "Trade and Political Development on the Southern Plains" (January 2002), ''American Antiquity'', Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 37-41. Downloaded from JSTOR; ''Texas Beyond History'' http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/villagers/research/antelope.html, accessed 15 Feb 2015〕 Archaeologists have divided the Southern Plains villagers into many different archaeological variants based on differences in what has been found of their material possessions. The Redbud Plains variant includes the Paoli, Washita River, Custer, and Turkey Creek phases of western Oklahoma; the Henrietta and Wylie Creek focuses are located in north-central Texas; the Upper Canark variant in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles includes the Antelope Creek Phase, and the Buried City and Zimms complexes; the Apishapa phase in southeastern Colorado; and the Bluff Creek, Wilmore, and Pratt complexes are in south central Kansas. The proto-historic Wichita villages in central Kansas are called the Great Bend aspect.〔Drass (1998), pp 415-416〕 ==Origins== In the opinion of archaeologists the Southern Plains villagers were likely, in whole or part, speakers of Caddoan languages, the ancestors of the historical Wichita, Kichai, and possibly the Pawnee. Some of the easternmost sites of the Southern Plains villagers show an almost unbroken record of occupation for thousands of years and thus it appears, again in whole or part, that the villager's culture developed from people who had long lived in the area rather than being introduced by migrants. The apparent Caddoan origin of the villagers, however, does not preclude the possibility of non-Caddoan speakers and linguistic and ethnic diversity in the region.〔"Putting the Pieces Together:the Harrell Site Reconsidered", ''Texas Before History'', http://www.texasbeyondhistorynet/harrell/reconsidered.html, accessed 1 Feb 2015; "The Roulston-Rogers site" Oklahoma's Past" http://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/counties/seminole.htm, accessed 1 Feb 2015〕 Three technological developments in the early centuries of the Common Era led to the replacement of nomadic hunter-gatherer cultures by semi-sedentary cultures on the Southern Great Plains: the replacement of spears and the atlatl by the bow and arrow, a more efficient tool for hunting; the introduction of pottery for storage and cookery; and the adoption of maize agriculture as a major source of food. None of these new technologies was likely invented in the Southern Plains region but rather the knowledge seeped into the area from outside. With these new technologies the population probably expanded and it became possible or necessary for the former hunter-gatherers of the Southern Plains to become semi-sedentary agriculturalists.〔"Putting the Pieces Together: the Harrell Site Reconsidered", ''Texas Before History'', http://www.texasbeyondhistorynet/harrell/reconsidered.html, accessed 1 Feb 2015〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Southern Plains villagers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|